| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-1827 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | Tocopherols | |
| PMID | 24830781 | |
| Literature evidence | Recently, we reported that T3s induce apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in breast cancer cells. | |
| IUPAC name | 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Vitamin E | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Palm oil/Palm fruits | |
| Geographical availability | NA | |
| Plant parts | Fruits | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | p21, p27, Caspase 3, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma, AKT, OCT4, CD44, SOX-2, trefoil factor (TFF)/pS2, cathepsin D, PR, SERPINA1 | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | Mixed tocopherols increased the expression of p21, p27, caspase-3, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma, and inhibited AKT and estrogen signaling in mammary tumors. Tocopherols decreased the levels of stem cell markers, including octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), CD44 and SOX-2, as well as estrogen-related markers, such as trefoil factor (TFF)/pS2, cathepsin D, progesterone receptor and SERPINA1, in estrogen-stimulated tumorspheres. | |
| Target pathways | caspase-8 or caspase-9 pathway | |
| IC50 | NA | |
| Potency | The rank order of inhibitory potency was naringin > rutin > alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) > lovastatin > apigenin > genistein > alpha-tocopherol >or= kaempferol > gamma-tocopherol, chrysin and curcumin were inactive except at a concentration of 100 micromol/L. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 | |
| Additional information | Overexpression of OCT4 increased CD44 and sex-determining region Y-box-2 levels and significantly increased cell invasion and expression of the invasion markers, matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase and urokinase plasminogen activator, and tocopherols inhibited these OCT4-mediated effects | |
| PubChem ID | 14986 | |
| Additional PMIDs | 16702307 17927505 26703544 24830781 30179422 21516480 22692436 15927830 15730453 15569611 19509159 20039325 8771571 20090883 20306477 26791185 29846560 17627004 1302568 10227040 21598196 | |
| Additional sources of information | NA | |
| Safety | NA |