| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-804 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | Saponin glycoside | |
| PMID | 22800968 | |
| Literature evidence | The cytotoxic activity of the saponin glycoside was determined in cancer cells using the MTT and neutral red uptake assays. | |
| IUPAC name | (2R,4S,5R,10S,13R,14R,18S,20R)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxy-4,5,9,9,13,20-hexamethyl-24-oxahexacyclo[15.5.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosane-20-carbaldehyde | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Glycoside | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Fagonia indica | |
| Geographical availability | Afghanistan, Algeria, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gulf States, India, Iran, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara, Yemen | |
| Plant parts | Aerial parts | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer, Colon cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | PARP, Caspase 3 | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | PARP cleavage, caspase-3 cleavage, DNA ladder assays, and reversal of growth inhibition with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk, suggested stimulation of apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 and Caco-2 cells, but not in MCF-7 cells, which do not express caspase-3. | |
| Target pathways | NA | |
| IC50 | 12.5 μM against MDA-MB-468 | |
| Potency | After 24h treatment, the observed IC(50) values of the saponin glycoside were 12.5 μM on MDA-MB-468 and Caco-2 cells, but 100 μM on MCF-7 cells. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | MDA-MB-468, Caco-2, MCF-7 | |
| Additional information | The haemolytic activity of the saponin glycoside was confirmed in sheep red blood cells, with cell lysis observed at >100 μM, suggesting that, at this concentration, the saponin glycoside caused necrosis through cell lysis in MCF-7 cells. | |
| PubChem ID | NA | |
| Additional PMIDs | NA | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77184914-1 | |
| Safety | Using the DNA ladder assay, the saponin glycoside (12.5 μM) was not toxic to HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) or U937 cells, indicating some selectivity between malignant and normal cells. |