| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-1360 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | Phyllanthus niruri extract | |
| PMID | 28911625 | |
| Literature evidence | The extracts of four Phyllanthus species, namely Phyllanthus niruri, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllanthus watsonii, and Phyllanthus amarus, were shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis of breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7). | |
| IUPAC name | NA | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Aqueous extract, Methanolic extract | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Phyllanthus niruri | |
| Geographical availability | Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Texas, Uruguay, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is. | |
| Plant parts | NA | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | MMP2, MMP9, HIF1-α , AP-1, c-Jun-, c-myc, elongation factor 2 , Hsp90, stress-70 s, Hsp60 | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | Results indicated that these Phyllanthus species suppressed breast carcinoma metastasis and proliferation by suppressing matrix metalloprotein 2 and 9 expression via inhibition of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. Additionally, inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α in the hypoxia pathway caused reduced vascular endothelial growth factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, resulting in anti-angiogenic effects and eventually anti-metastasis. AP-1, but not NF-kappaB, was primarily affected by treatment with extracts from the four Phyllanthus species to inhibit MCF-7 metastasis through inhibition of c-Jun-protein induction. Another downstream target of ERK1/2 that was suppressed by extract treatment was the c-myc oncogene, resulting in apoptosis and/or cell-cycle arrest. Inhibition of elongation factor 2 protein by extract treatment also prevented translocation of peptidyl tRNA from the A site to the P site in the ribosome. Additionally, extract treatment downregulated the expression of a number of chaperone proteins, including Hsp90, stress-70 proteins, and Hsp60, leading to incorrect protein folding and unfolding required for normal cellular function. | |
| Target pathways | ERK and hypoxia pathways | |
| IC50 | Aqueous extract - 179.7 µg/mL against MCF-7 Methanolic extract - 62.3 µg/mL against MCF-7 | |
| Potency | NA | |
| Cell line/ mice model | MCF-7 | |
| Additional information | Treatment with extracts from the four Phyllanthus species also decreased peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin expression, thereby exposing cancer cells to oxidative stress and death | |
| PubChem ID | NA | |
| Additional PMIDs | NA | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:194900-2 | |
| Safety | NA |