| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-1207 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | Linoleic acid | |
| PMID | 14974442 | |
| Literature evidence | However, chaste-tree berry extract did not induce estrogen-dependent alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in Ishikawa cells. | |
| IUPAC name | (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acid | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Vitex agnus-castus | |
| Geographical availability | Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Baleares, Bulgaria, Corse, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Egypt, France, Greece, Gulf States, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kentucky, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Morocco, North Caucasus, Pakistan, Palestine, Sardegna, Sicilia, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Yugoslavia | |
| Plant parts | Fruits | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | BRCA1, ER | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | From these observations it appears that diet rich in omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acid like linoleic acid and endogenous estrogen may modulate BRCA1 gene expression thereby promoting breast cancer. Linoleic acid also stimulated mRNA ERbeta expression in T47D:A18 cells, PR expression in Ishikawa cells, but not AP activity in Ishikawa cells. | |
| Target pathways | Linoleic acid induces migration and invasion through FFAR4- and PI3K-/Akt-dependent pathway in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. | |
| IC50 | NA | |
| Potency | Diets rich in linoleic acid (LA) stimulate the metastasis of MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells from the mammary fat pads of nude mice. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, mouse mammary tumor, T47D, Ishikawa cells | |
| Additional information | Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential fatty acid and the major ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid in occidental diets, which is able to induce inappropriate inflammatory responses that contribute to several chronic diseases including cancer. | |
| PubChem ID | 5280450 | |
| Additional PMIDs | 26559860 30661057 34790185 34754187 33419098 30761392 14974442 22322480 24370662 31713924 34089947 34857238 17890827 23434131 25554015 11895875 12500930 12550055 12694631 15138577 18584483 23701939 25222131 25975007 26582578 26434699 3112488 2503244 3609105 2795245 3585550 29052029 1998946 1663614 2224849 34400394 8233985 1732055 8229121 8402646 8058522 8605728 7987856 9065608 9816126 9673380 10536186 9824628 10624705 11239764 11251982 10806298 15741054 17311938 24898224 30830383 32825393 34500308 22012001 24031588 25115102 2804926 11315261 286114 34254227 28456993 | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:865568-1 | |
| Safety | Promoting breast cancer |