| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-857 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | Eurycoma longifolia extract | |
| PMID | 33603822 | |
| Literature evidence | These results indicate the ability of unfermented freeze-dried leaf extract of E. longifolia to induce apoptosis cell death on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, as well as real evidence on sample preparation effect towards its cytotoxicity level. | |
| IUPAC name | NA | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Unfermented Freeze-Dried Leaf Extract | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Eurycoma longifolia | |
| Geographical availability | Borneo, Cambodia, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Plant parts | Leaves | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | Bax, Bcl-2, p53 | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | The upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells might be responsible for cytochrome c and caspase-3 activities which lead to apoptosis cell death. The actions of caspase-8 and cytochrome c in MCF-7 with upregulation of Bax and p53 and also downregulation of Bcl-2 expression showed the possibility of this extract might induce two apoptosis pathways, i.e., caspase-8-initiated pathway and mitochondrial-initiated caspase-9-mediated pathway, triggering downstream effector caspase-6 and -7 and initiating the apoptosis mechanism. | |
| Target pathways | Caspase-8-initiated pathway and mitochondrial-initiated caspase-9-mediated pathway | |
| IC50 | 45.0 ± 3.5 µg/ml against MCF-7 69.3 ± 17.2 µg/ml against MDA-MB-231 | |
| Potency | Both cancer cell lines displayed a similar pattern, where the freeze-dried leaf extract showed lower IC50 values compared to those microwave-oven dried regardless it was fermented or not. Still, fermented leaves always possess higher values than those were unfermented. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 | |
| Additional information | This extract contains the highest phenolics of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ECG, and EGCG. The DNA fragmentation was observed in both cell lines, where cell cycle was arrested at the G 2/M phase in MCF-7 cells and S phase in MDA-MB-231 cells. The number of apoptotic cells for MDA-MB-231 was increased when the treatment was prolonged from 24 h to 48 h but slightly decreased at 72 h, whereas apoptosis in MCF-7 cells occurred in a time-dependent manner. | |
| PubChem ID | NA | |
| Additional PMIDs | NA | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:813715-1 | |
| Safety | NA |