| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-1167 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | Betulinic acid | |
| PMID | 16448187 | |
| Literature evidence | Betulinic acid showed antiproliferative activity toward MCF-7 cells (GI50 = 0.27 microM), higher than the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. | |
| IUPAC name | (1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Triterpenoid | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Prunus dulcis | |
| Geographical availability | Transcaucasus | |
| Plant parts | Sicilian almond hulls | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Lung cancer, Liver cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | GRP78, NOP2, p120, WDR12, S6 ribisomal protein, p21 | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | Betulinic acid chemosensitizes breast cancer by triggering ER stress-mediated apoptosis by directly targeting GRP78. Phytochemicals also decreased the levels of NOP2, proliferation-associated nucleolar protein p120, and WDR12 required for maturation of 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs and formation of the 60S ribosome, and phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein that may result in diminished translation and inhibition of cell proliferation. Cytostatic action of phytochemicals against breast cancer cells was observed at low micromolar concentration window (5-20µM) and mediated by elevated p21 levels, and cell proliferation of SFN-, UA- and BA-treated normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) was unaffected. | |
| Target pathways | Phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase pathway p53/p21 and mitochondrial signalling pathway | |
| IC50 | In addition, cassiaric acid (1) showed the best cytotoxic result against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines tested with IC50 75.00 µM, while lupeol (3) and betulinic acid (6) displayed weak cytotoxicity at 100.00 µM. | |
| Potency | Betulinic acid showed antiproliferative activity toward MCF-7 cells (GI50 = 0.27 microM), higher than the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | MCF-7, HepG2, A549, HL-60,HCT-116, PC-3, HeLa | |
| Additional information | Betulinic acid blocked an increase in the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin ratio by downregulating RANKL protein expression in PTHrP-treated human osteoblastic cells. | |
| PubChem ID | 64971 | |
| Additional PMIDs | 19691293 21263311 27131434 34536514 16448187 25797115 29724132 28013566 26540049 33245928 22264477 23411336 19101886 33284038 24463094 29802332 25299784 28324424 26770742 28213701 28334682 34570641 25532279 30870993 21598174 21954959 25885960 27152419 26681894 27232543 29189079 30549810 34445506 29316537 22976320 32791845 19115839 20087986 34365127 31660842 28987603 28823888 | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:729673-1 | |
| Safety | NA |