| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-1063 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) | |
| PMID | 21154750 | |
| Literature evidence | Because elevated expression of FoxM1 has been observed in human breast cancers, FoxM1 has attracted much attention in recent years as a potential target for the prevention and/or therapeutic intervention in breast cancer. | |
| IUPAC name | 3-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indole | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Indole | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Arundo donax | |
| Geographical availability | Afghanistan, Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, Cyprus, East Himalaya, Gulf States, Hainan, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, Ogasawara-shoto, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Sinai, Tadzhikistan, Thailand, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Yemen | |
| Plant parts | NA | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | FoxM1, CXCR4, CXCL12, p21, Cadherin-11, Plasminogen | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | We also found that knock down of FoxM1 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection increased DIM-induced cell growth inhibition, whereas over-expression of FoxM1 by cDNA transfection attenuated DIM-induced cell growth inhibition, suggesting the mechanistic role of FoxM1. CXCR4 and CXCL12 down-regulation: a novel mechanism for the chemoprotection of 3,3'-diindolylmethane for breast and ovarian cancers. 3,3'-diindolylmethane induced a G(1) cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by a mechanism that included increased expression of p21. DIM and curcumin decreased cadherin-11 and increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels correlated with increased cell motility. | |
| Target pathways | DIM can inactivate Akt/ Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. | |
| IC50 | NA | |
| Potency | We conclude that inactivation of FoxM1 and its target genes by DIM could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Taxotere in breast cancer, which could be a useful strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of breast cancer. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, SKBR-3, BALB/c mice, T47D, Saos2 | |
| Additional information | The results suggest that interactions of DIM, and/or its mono-hydroxy metabolites, with CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 found to occur in hepatic microsomes upon addition of DIM or co-treatment of rats with DIM affect the rates of relevant oxidations of E2, and potentially protect against estrogen-dependent tumorigenesis. In addition, antioxidants significantly attenuated 3,3'-diindolylmethane-induced activation of p38 and JNK and induction of p21, indicating that oxidative stress is the major trigger of these events. The addition of other AhR ligands, alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF, 10 microM) and luteolin (10 microM), to the culture media resulted in a similar suppression in ER-alpha mRNA levels to that caused by 5 microM DIM. | |
| PubChem ID | 3071 | |
| Additional PMIDs | 15623462 30301388 34066056 18025290 18486294 19064917 25048790 15665315 16651444 19056653 19223575 21154750 21767081 25613194 10449193 12738179 16488130 19864400 10652612 8912651 11931841 11849035 16544949 18378071 23968581 32710170 23140282 26249585 | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:390837-1 | |
| Safety | NA |