| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-1500 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | β-Caryophyllene oxide | |
| PMID | 21924548 | |
| Literature evidence | CPO induced increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from mitochondria, which is associated with the induction of apoptosis as characterized by positive Annexin V binding and TUNEL staining, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP. | |
| IUPAC name | (9S)-5-ethyl-11,11-dimethyl-8-methylidene-4-oxabicyclo[7.2.0]undecane | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Sesquiterpenes | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Psidium guajava, Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum spp, Eugenia caryophyllata, Piper nigrum | |
| Geographical availability | Psidium guajava - Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Bolivia, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela. Origanum vulgare L. - Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, Canary Is., Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Madeira, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Svalbard, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia. Eugenia caryophyllata - Maluku. Piper nigrum L. - India | |
| Plant parts | Esential oil | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, IAP-1, IAP-2, COX-2, VEGF, p53, p21, Cyclin D1 | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | CPO also down-regulated the expression of various downstream gene products that mediate cell proliferation (cyclin D1), survival (bcl-2, bcl-xL, survivin, IAP-1, and IAP-2), metastasis (COX-2), angiogenesis (VEGF), and increased the expression of p53 and p21. | |
| Target pathways | β-Caryophyllene oxide inhibits growth and induces apoptosis through the suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 pathways and ROS-mediated MAPKs activation | |
| IC50 | 69 μg/ml against MDA-MB-231 24 μg/ml against MCF-7 | |
| Potency | CPO has been reported to act as a potent anti-carcinogenic agent , exhibits cytotoxic effects against several tumor cell lines and also demonstrates anti-platelet aggregation activity in vitro . In conclusion, sesquiterpenes CAO and NER increased the efficacy of DOX in breast cancer cells in vitro, but did not improve its effect in vivo, in Ehrlich solid tumor bearing mice. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | PC-3, MCF-7, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, Ehrlich solid tumor bearing mice | |
| Additional information | Interestingly, we also observed that CPO can significantly potentiate the apoptotic effects of various pharmacological PI3K/AKT inhibitors when employed in combination in tumor cells. Overall, these findings suggest that CPO can interfere with multiple signaling cascades involved in tumorigenesis and used as a potential therapeutic candidate for both the prevention and treatment of cancer. In MDA-MB-231, combination of DOX with CAO enhanced anti-proliferative effect and acted strongly synergistic. However, none of tested sesquiterpenes was able to improve DOX accumulation in tumors and DOX-mediated inhibition of tumor growth. | |
| PubChem ID | 1742210 | |
| Additional PMIDs | 28903178 | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:600841-1 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453395-1 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:593931-1 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:682369-1 | |
| Safety | NA |