| Properties | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| PhytoCAT-ID | PhytoCAT-1787 | |
| Phytochemical name or plant extracts | Protoapigenone | |
| PMID | 22753749 | |
| Literature evidence | Identical activity of other derivatives on the PAR and MDR cell lines suggests that cancer cells cannot exhibit resistance to protoflavones by ABCB1 efflux pump overexpression. | |
| IUPAC name | 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl)chromen-4-one | |
| Phytochemicals’ class or type of plant extracts | Flavonoid | |
| Source of phytochemicals or plant Extracts | Macrothelypteris torresiana | |
| Geographical availability | Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Caroline Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Cook Is., East Himalaya, Fiji, Hainan, India, Japan, Jawa, Kermadec Is., Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malaya, Maluku, Marianas, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Norfolk Is., Philippines, Queensland, Réunion, Samoa, Seychelles, Society Is., Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Tonga, Tubuai Is., Vanuatu, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Is., West Himalaya, Western Australia | |
| Plant parts | NA | |
| Other cancers | Breast cancer, Liver cancer, Lung cancer | |
| Target gene or protein | (MAPK) ERK, JNK, p38, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL | |
| Gene or Protein evidence | Cancer cells treated with protoapigenone resulted in persistent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK, JNK, and p38, hyperphosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). | |
| Target pathways | A novel protoapigenone analog RY10-4 induces breast cancer MCF-7 cell death through autophagy via the Akt/mTOR pathway. Protoapigenone, a natural derivative of apigenin, induces mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells associated with induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of glutathione S-transferase π. | |
| IC50 | 1.83 ± 0.06 μM at 24h against MCF-7 4.7 μM and 1.6 μM at 24h and 48h against MDA-MB-231 | |
| Potency | Protoapigenone is a unique flavonoid and enriched in many ferns, showing potent antitumor activity against a broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines. | |
| Cell line/ mice model | HepG2, Hep3B, A549, MDA-MB-231,MCF-7 | |
| Additional information | Additionally, protoapigenone-induced JNK activation was linked to thiol modification of glutathione S-transferase π (GSTpi), which impeded GSTpi inhibition of JNK. In contrast to protoapigenone, apigenin-induced apoptosis was neither dependent on ROS nor on MAPK. Structure-activity relationship studies suggested that the thiol reacting effect of protoapigenone might be associated with an α, β-unsaturated ketone moiety in the structure of ring B. | |
| PubChem ID | 11644907 | |
| Additional PMIDs | 23624174 20686818 | |
| Additional sources of information | https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1019960-2 | |
| Safety | NA |